Igniting Flammable Liquids with Cigarettes

Lighting Flammable Liquids with Cigarettes Cigarettes appear to be a likely start hotspot for combustible fluids. Cigarettes have been accused for the reason for some flames, unmistakably more than they should. In any case, Cigarettes are more than tobacco enclosed by paper. They are in truth painstakingly built to consume with a specific goal in mind Cigarettes fluctuate impressively from brand to mark in their consuming qualities. Current cigarettes contain a designed science of added substances to control the consuming rates and dampness substance of the tobacco and paper and any individual who has been a smoker knows the way that made Cigarettes continue consuming when not being puffed. This extras smokers the difficulty of illuminating again not at all like with moved up cigarettes and Cigars where the smoker needs to continue smoking for the ignition of the tobacco to stay lit. This is useful for the cigarette organizations and pays off in higher deals from cigarettes. So yes this implies a cigarette folding off onto a sleeping pad or into the break of a couch can seethe undetected for 30 to 40 minutes before blasting into blazes. Seething is a type of flameless burning which can happen in materials equipped for roasting. Seething can happen at low oxygen focuses then continues at an exceptionally moderate rate before flaring happens. This causes individuals to comprehend the genuine peril of made cigarettes. In any case, that is discovered through the visual certainty of seeing a cigarette remain lit and copy. So individuals will accept the majority of what they see as actuality, however when numerous individuals plunk down in their neighborhood theater to watch the most recent Hollywood film they regular see the awesome enhanced visualizations of a character tossing a lit cigarette on to a puddle of fuel and viewing an enormous fire ball show up before their eyes which causes an astonishing blast. Touching off puddles of petroleum for instance with cigarettes in motion pictures is a typical gadg et. The character takes a couple of puffs and hurls the shining cigarette in the puddle. Promptly the petroleum touches off. In any case, Experiments with combustible gases and fumes have demonstrated that a significant number of the most normally experienced substances, including methane and petroleum fume, were not touched off by a lit cigarette[1] So Petrol fume can't ordinarily be touched off by shining cigarettes, a reality which has been confirmed by numerous trials. Cigarettes are fairly exceptional as the wellspring of start for a fruitful structure fire. In the event that they are set to touch off fluid flammables, they will more likely than not fail[2] This paper hopes to answer why a lit cigarette when tried against the start of regular combustible fumes, for example, petroleum flop yet other progressively unstable fluids tried are equipped for start. Past work did on cigarette start, related exploration in this field of burning and start of combustible gases and fluids will be examined and investigated to give the writer a superior comprehension of the error that a lit cigarette can be a risk that can promptly touch off combustible fluids or gases. Be that as it may, not to disparage the possible peril of such a start source in conditions where numerous variables can meet up to frame self continued ignition. Combustible substances and fluids are utilized for a wide assortment of purposes and are generally found in the home. Petroleum is the most widely recognized, yet there are other combustible and burnable fluids and gases utilized Table shows other combustible fluids normally found around the home Lighter liquid Oil Propane Butane Airborne Cans Diesel fuel Wood additives Lamp fuel White spirits Combustible materials found in the vaporous structure will consume at whatever point blended in with the best possible measure of air and appropriately lighted. A combustible fluid in its fluid state won't consume. It will possibly touch off when the fumes from the fluid vanish in air. Every single combustible fluid radiate fumes that can touch off and consume when a start source is presented. Combustible fluids require an underlying vitality contribution to create an air/fume blend inside the restrictions of combustibility (niamh mc daid) Start is the progress from a nonreactive to a receptive state where outer activities lead to thermo synthetic runaway followed by fast change to self supported burning The standard conditions for start are given by a 3t general guideline. The three Ts represent: Temperature. Must be sufficiently high to cause noteworthy synthetic responses and additionally pyrolysis Time. Must be sufficiently long to permit the warmth contribution to be consumed by the reactants with the goal that a runaway thermo compound procedure can happen Disturbance. Must be sufficiently high so that there is acceptable blending among fuel and oxidizer and warmth can be moved from the responded media to the unreacted media (refer to the book) Start will happen when the procedure of a fast exothermic response is begun, which at that point picks up energy and makes the fuel experience change. At the point when a combustible fluid is poured or spilled on a surface the fumes are really touched off. Fumes from fluids are what straightforwardly bolster the fire. To see how unstable certain combustible fluids are it is helpful to be comfortable with the terms used to depict their synthetic properties. Fume thickness This is a property of a fume that predicts its conduct when discharged in air. while ascertaining the fume thickness of a fluid fuel the atomic load of gas of the fume by that of air in typical conditions. (approx 29) (niamh mc daid) Streak point The blaze point is the most minimal temperature at which a fluid fuel will create a combustible fume. A fluid fuel must have the option to produce a fume in adequate amount to arrive at that lower limit in air before it can consume. This blaze point is estimated in two unique manners, first being a shut cup estimation and the last being an open cup. Combustible reaches Petroleum has a limited combustible range. In this way petroleum fume blended in with air has a lower combustibility breaking point of simply over 1% and a furthest constraint of 6% by volume petroleum fume in air, at regularly experienced temperatures. (hollyhead) Flammable range alludes to the level of a combustible fluid in its vaporous state to air to make an unstable blend. Blends of combustible fumes with air will combust just when they are inside specific scopes of fume/air focus. Outside of these limits the fuel-air blend is either excessively lean or too rich to even consider igniting (niamh mc daid) This changes with various combustible fluids. Gas has a combustibility scope of 1.4 to 7.6 percent. This implies it will touch off when there is 1.4 pieces of gas blended in with 100 sections air Start temperatures This is the temperature at which a specific combustible fluid emits fumes and vanishes in air and in this way can light. Gas will light when a warmth source or electrical sparkle of at any rate 853 degrees interacts with it. Flammable gas (methane) needs a start temperature of around 1000 degrees Auto-start temperature (AIT) This is the temperature at which a fuel will touch off all alone with no extra wellspring of start. (Niamh mcdaid) Fires will happen in light of the fact that there is high temperature acquainted with a region in which there is a fuel-air blend inside its combustibility extend. There are so air factors that influence the Auto-start temperature for example Oxygen levels in the territory of the blend. Be that as it may, insofar as the warmth vitality can be moved from the source to the fuel start fire may result Combustibility In Hollyheads paper he specifies the combustibility of specific fluids e.g., lamp fuel, white soul and diesel oil, which are combustible fluids with streak point temperatures better than average encompassing. So in this way, a start source needs to light the combustible blend of fuel fume as well as to produce this blend in any case by warming the mass fluid. (hollyhead) Cigarette Components Current produced cigarette contain various segments. The parts joined can influence the exhibition of the cigarette including the emanations of toxicants. In British made cigarettes the tobacco utilized is Virginia. There are two other principle types utilized in business cigarettes which are Burley and Oriental.â Each has distinctive characteristics. These tobacco types will likewise shift contingent upon their assortment, in what condition they are developed and how that development is completed. The paper around the tobacco of business cigarettes in changed in various brands. It very well may be progressively permeable in certain brands so the measure of air going through the paper influences the yield of a puff. The more air that can go through the paper the more the smoke constituents going through the cigarette are debilitated which at that point bring about lower yields of different smoke items. Similarly as Baker depicts when a cigarette consumes, a large number of items are shaped. They are disseminated between the gas stage and airborne particles which make up smoke. (bread cook) Modern business cigarettes are made with a channel. The channel is distinctive on most brands. The manner in which the channel is planned can influence the measure of filtration. Diverse cigarette brands can control the taste and smoking experience. Presenting vents in the paper encompassing the channel end can take into consideration weakening of smoke in lighter marking cigarettes. The greater the length brings about longer filaments and furthermore the materials utilized for the strands all have an influence in making a specific cigarette not quite the same as different brands in the market. Figure shows the various segments of a fabricated cigarette, how smoke travels through the tobacco and channel and how air travels through the paper (bat) Cigarette Combustion A large number of the segments distinguished in tobacco have additionally been recognized in its smoke since they move to some degree from tobacco to its smoke during the smoking procedure. Numerous other distinguished tobacco parts are not found in smoke since they break down during the smoking procedure. (refer to tobacco book) There has been work completed to gauge the consuming temperature

E-BUSINESS INDIVIDUAL REPORT WITH A WEBSITE Essay

E-BUSINESS INDIVIDUAL REPORT WITH A WEBSITE - Essay Example Official sites assume the job of advertising for the business foundations. Their clients have direct association with the organization and feel better educated when they get to the official sites. Web has likewise opened up another idea of business activity, the snap idea or rather the online shop idea. Gone are the days when to dispatch an item a physical model was required. The new pattern in the market is the web based advertising of items. The snap and mortar model of e-business is favored by some at this point. Items are appeared in these sites with their properties and value extend. The client can browse the choices and request the item. The installment is done on the web and the item is conveyed at home. Along these lines, totally expelling the expense brought about in having a block foundation. Having a legitimate shop in shopping center or in a business region is an exorbitant issue however the new pattern in the market has made it a complimentary help as opposed to a fundam ental assistance. The spread of web in the globe across has brought this surprising change. The vast majority approach web in their every day lives and are increasingly available through web (Weill and Vitale, 2001, p.7-9) Business Literature on e-business Internet has to be sure dense the limits among the nations over the globe. Making advancement in different nations simple. Working together in different nations is likewise gotten simpler because of simple method of online installment. Shipment from over the globe has additionally become a truly possible idea. Making it simpler for business foundations to work together on the web. The principle center when an organization makes their site ought to be, to make consideration among target crowd. The site must be enlightening and eye catching from a correct perspective. Consideration of clients searching for the specific item on the web must be first gotten. The site thusly should be speaking to the intended interest group. Viral adve rtising is an exceptionally new idea. For sites the term utilized is SEM, web index showcasing. The essential objective of SEM is to advance a specific site page by expanding the traffic of the site. This should be possible either building up the substance of the site so that the hits on the site is augmented. The initial step for any site showcasing is to make it increasingly obvious. Streamlining of web indexes gives this office to the site. When the consideration of the survey clients is won, at that point business should be possible with them. Certain viewpoints must be dealt with when sites are structured. It is significant for every site so as to get more clients that it shows up in the primary page of any internet searcher. Clients regularly search their necessities in web search tools and not very many like to go past alternatives showing up on the primary page. The site likewise should be exceptionally instructive about the beginning of the organization, the history behind the organization, the items that are accessible and the additional administrations given by the organization. The site ought to likewise have insights regarding the different installment modes acknowledged by them. These informations are basic for the client searching for making a web based booking of an item. Show of items on the websit

Reading and Censorship of the Harry Potter Novels Essay -- Argumentati

Perusing and Censorship of the Harry Potter Novels J. K. Rowling’s Harry Potter arrangement, which have arrived at overall notoriety affect kids has not been coordinated by some other book. The books have urged kids to peruse for diversion as opposed to going to TV or computer games. At the point when a bit of writing moves youngsters as the Harry Potter books do, restricting a child’s access to the books appears to be absurd. Tragically, this is what's going on with Harry Potter. The books are tested and restricted in schools and libraries everywhere throughout the world since guardians battle that the substance is unacceptable. The substance, which spins around a world brimming with wizardry and black magic, has a few guardians effectively campaigning against the books. These guardians accept the books urge kids to rehearse black magic. Furthermore, a few guardians don't accept that the books are a resource for the learning advancement of their kids. For most kids, Rowling’s Harry Potter books support perusing. In addition to the fact that children read the monstrous books in the arrangement, yet in addition they utilize the Harry Potter arrangement as conductors to different sorts of writing on the grounds that their brains are opened to the miracle of the composed word. The books don't advocate black magic or shrewdness, which are frequently the reason for editing the books from youngsters. Various highlights of the Harry Potter arrangement can impact youngsters with both great and terrible outcomes. The most famous purposes behind blue penciling Harry Potter is that the books are based on an otherworldly network. The plot rotates around Harry and his companions as they figure out how to become wizards and witches at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. Through Harry’s undertakings, there are allu... ...ult.asp?Page=9-11-2003/FullStory/9_11_03.1st.8.htm.> Priest, John. â€Å"In Defense of Harry Potter.† 22 Oct. 1999. Kidspeak Online. 28 Oct. 2003. <http://www.kidspeakonline.org/fighthp_defense_A001.html>. Rosen, Judith. Book retailers Help Harry Potter. Publishers Weekly. 12 May 2003. 250.19. Ebsco Academic Search Premier. 5 Sept 2003. <http://web25.epnet.com>. Routledge, Christopher. â€Å"Harry Potter and the Mystery of Ordinary Life.† Mystery in Children’s Literature: From the Rational to the Supernatural. Adrienne E. Gavin and Christopher Routledge, Eds. New York: Palgrave, 2001. Rowling, J. K. Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets. New York: Scholastic, 1999. 'The Chocolate War' Tops 2004 Most Challenged Book List. American Library Association. 2005. 29 March 2005. <http://www.ala.org/ala/pressreleases2005/februarya/2004mostchallengedbook.htm>.

The Cost and Reimburstements of Medicare Research Paper

The Cost and Reimburstements of Medicare - Research Paper Example This investigation centers around cost and repayment of Medicare just as difficulties confronting the program. Medicare administrations can be given to the recipients either through customary expense for-administration (FFS) program or private wellbeing plans, for example, Medicare Advantage (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2008). Though customers can be served in any emergency clinic and by any specialist under FFS those utilizing Medicare Advantage ought to be treated by suppliers in a system or pay additional charges for medicines got from out-of system suppliers (Mason et al., 2013). The program is accessible in four sections to be specific Part A, B, C and D. Medicare covers Hospital Insurance (section A), Medical Insurance (part B), Prescription Drugs (part C) and Medicare Advantage (part D) (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2008). Customers who apply for part C gets different advantages offered in different parts. Right now, a few people incline toward Medicare Advantage since it offers additional administrations notwithstanding those gave under FFS. Section An of the Medicare is financed through finance charge charged on workers and the businesses whereby each contributes 1.45% to make a sum of 2.9% while for independently employed people they contribute full 2.9% since they are the two representatives and bosses (Mason et al., 2013). Part C and D are financed by premiums contributed by enrollees of the Medicare and income from the general reserve. Medicare in association with nearby insurance agencies pay remuneration to claims introduced every year by the Medicare recipients (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2008). The Medicare utilizes different strategies to repay the clinical specialist organizations for the administrations they offer to their customers secured by health care coverage. For instance, Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services acquainted Accounting Care Organization model with orchestrate clinical assistance conveyance among the specialist co-ops by empowering them to arrange their administration conveyance to decrease costs, improve quality and result of the

The Tensions of the Old and New During the 1920s Essay Example for Free

The Tensions of the Old and New During the 1920s Essay Subsequent to seeing the overwhelming, yet human-instigated catastrophes of World War I, the mind of America was never the equivalent. They deserted their essential convictions that the Western Civilization was not a model, however imperfect society and turned their consideration towards inward issues, flagging the start of American noninterference. As William Allen White put it, Americans were â€Å"tired of issues, debilitated on a basic level of standards, and exhausted of being honorable. † The Roaring Twenties mirrored this dismissal of convention standards as industrialism and sexual upheaval cleared the country. During the 1920s, the blast in innovation, combined with social and social advancements prompted strains between the old and new. The indication of these clashing goals was a point of convergence of the Election of 1920 and Scopes Monkey Trial. The change developments and Woodrow Wilson’s resolute good enactment going before the 1920s were a wellspring of depletion for the American open. The American open was frustrated with the bombed League of Nations, and immediately grasped the Election of 1920 as what the successful Warren G. Harding put it, â€Å"the come back to regularity. † â€Å"The come back to normalcy† was basically requiring the arrival to the more seasoned and less difficult occasions in America, which additionally approved American neutrality. Warren G. Harding and his replacement, Calvin Coolidge’s administrations epitomized the arrival to a free enterprise economy with their star business position. The Fordney-McCumber Tariff of 1922 and Smoot-Hawley Tariff ensured American organizations to remote organizations. Treasury Secretary, Andrew Mellon was additionally effective in bringing down personal expenses for the affluent. Their hatred for radicalism was obvious with their dull change enactments went in office, yet they left office with high endorsement appraisals because of that resolute conservatism. The reappearance of the Ku Klux Klan nativism was another key subject of these organizations with the death of the American Immigration Act of 1924 and the Chinese Immigration Act of 1923 which put serious portions on the quantity of workers from these nations. Delegating the Nativism and traditionalist adjudicators like Webster Thayer to the preliminaries of Sacco and Vanzetti showed that their ensuing executions were not the outcome out of equity, yet of the acrid popular supposition against movement. The reappearance of Nativism, led by Ku Klux Klan (Document D) served to restore and uphold custom and profound quality in the public arena. They utilized strategies of viciousness to protect Protestant standards and conventionality, as a technique to â€Å"return of intensity into the ands of the everyday†¦. normal resident of the old stock. † Their battle anyway was constrained to Southern Hicks, yet Northerners, and Midwesterners like Indianans who included a large portion of the Klan participation during the decade. Their motto, â€Å"100% Americanism† reverberated through all the areas of the country, where they focused on Jews, Catholics, and anybody that represented a danger to their white collar class protestant. Their strict conservatism was noticeably voiced during the Scopes Monkey Trial in Dayton, TN (Document C) where the conflict among fundamentalism and advancement arrived at a perfection with the hurricane preliminary of superstar Chicago attorney, Clarence Darrow versus 4 time presidential chosen one, William Jennings Bryan. Clarence Darrow‘s misfortune in the court was seen as a triumph for dissidents. Ladies, one of the most expostulated bunches in the public eye countered against the constrainments and desires for society. With the section of the nineteenth amendment and the accessibility of employments in the city, ladies were in certain perspectives, liberated from the imperatives that tormented the past ages of ladies. Flappers, exemplified by the lighthearted, smoking, and explicitly charged female offended the past ages with their clear dismissal of the Victorian beliefs of a woman. The new ladies had the most elevated separation rates than their ancestors too (Document H). Margaret Sanger’s development of conception prevention and the open conversations of sexuality added to the adjustment in ladies jobs. Albeit most ladies despite everything clung to their sex standards, the sexual and sex upheaval of this timespan would fill in as the establishment of the woman's rights development of the 60s. The blast in purchaser innovation and developments prodded mass commercialization and wantonness inside the American open. Large scale manufacturing made products modest and promptly accessible to the mass market, and pretty much every family claimed a Ford Model T before the decade's over. The longing to stay aware of the Joneses turned into a proportion of one’s social standing and character. Sinclair Lewis’s Babbitt parodied the traditionalist and shallow presence of the normal American family unit. Essayists of the Lost Generation communicated their disdain for America’s developing industrialism by turning out to be ostracizes and distributing artistic perfect works of art uncovering the imprudence of obvious utilization. F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby exhibited the terrible consummation of the title character because of his captivation by material additions. The animation, â€Å"If Grandpap Could Only Return with a portion of his discipline,† shows the current, unrestrained age being punished by the cheap ancestors for their absence of thankfulness and realism for all the new innovative advances. It filled in as an argue for profound quality as the more established ages cautioned the present age that overabundance will get them in a tough situation since the presentation of credit and portion plans. Rather than following Booker T. Washington’s Atlanta Compromise and holding on to acclimatize and be acknowledged into White Society, the Garvey Movement totally dismissed it and required the foundation of a dark country, which wasn’t fruitful, yet at the same time lastingly affected the dark network. Racial strains were carried to the surface with the flood of expressions and writing of the Harlem Renaissance, where scholars declared and communicated their disappointments at white society. Langston Hughes and different well known African American creators made a dark culture that gladly pronounced in their own predominance. Langston composed, â€Å"Why would it be a good idea for me to need to be white? I am Negro-and beautiful† (Document E). Albeit White Society didn't acknowledge them as they had trusted, the masterful and social effect of the development would fill in as the premise of the Civil Rights development quite a few years after the fact. The 1920s were a period of incredible social, innovative, and social changes. Set against the scenery of steadfast American conservatism, these progressions were will undoubtedly conflict. The indications of old and new strains were featured in two characterizing fights in court, the Scopes Monkey preliminary and Sacco and Vanzetti. Despite the fact that this time of change didn't force huge changes on the minorities and pariahs of American culture, it provided the standard parts of the equivalent rights developments for these to a great extent disregarded citizenry,

Top 10 Essay Examples - Get Prepared

Top 10 Essay Examples - Get PreparedThere are a lot of top 10 essay samples available online today. There are certainly hundreds and even thousands of examples to choose from. You can do some comparison shopping on the internet. However, this is probably the most important part - choosing which one you want to use!The first thing you should do is to find out how long the IELTS test was. You need to remember that most tests are multi-tiered and you need to be able to complete a minimum of three levels of assessment. If the study guide is a paper booklet then it will not be helpful if you do not get through all the levels.The next thing to do when searching for the best IELTS test practice sheets is to make sure that the tests are English-language tests. There are two types of tests that you can take - the free-response section and the essay section. If you know any good providers then you can start using their free-response tests first. The free-response tests will help you become fam iliar with the structure of the IELTS test.There are many free-response tests that are available on the internet and in bookstores. However, there are several versions of these free-response tests that use the same format. Therefore, before you buy the IELTS study guides you should make sure that you have all the different tests available for you to choose from.Once you have gotten through all the free-response tests and have discovered the perfect test for you, you can go on to the essays section. For the essay's test, there are various versions of the test available. Therefore, you need to find out which test is going to be most suitable for you.The questions that you will be asked during the essays test will generally require you to describe basic facts in your writing. It will involve you to write on a specific topic. During this stage, you can expect to be asked to write short paragraphs and also be given a summary of the main points of your article.When you do get to the end o f the essay, you will be asked to answer five different types of questions. The first one will be about how well you wrote the article. Then you will be asked about the length of the article and then about the number of paragraphs, the length of your paragraphs and the length of your sentences.Although the IELTS test is very thorough, you need to have patience during this stage. It will take you a while to finish all the different types of questions that you will be given. You should therefore make sure that you are prepared by studying before taking the test so that you will be able to finish the exam in the right way.

The Resilience of Nature Against Industrialisation in The Pigeon by Richard Church - Literature Essay Samples

The poem, ‘The Pigeon’ by Richard Church metaphorically explore themes of nature and beauty against destruction and industrialisation of the modern world. The pigeon is a metaphor for nature and wildlife and the concrete mixer represents industrialisation that is made possible by the workmen, the human race stood as a warning or symbol of the possible destruction and deception of industrialization The poem begins, ‘Throb, throb from the mixer / Spewing out concrete’, The repetition of ‘throb’ gives the idea of time passing and describes this on going action that will not stop – a ‘throb’ is a steady, on going pulse like the beating of our heart, an action that is essential to our survival, this could allude to our reliance on man made objects and developments and also how we are constantly polluting the world, without any plan to stop. The verb, ‘spewing’ connotes uncontrolled release of concrete implying we are out of control of our expansion on earth and can’t limit how fast and how much we destroy the world anymore because we have become so reliant on industry. The sounds are a prominent part of the poem they help build the character of both the pigeon and the cement mixer. The cement mixer is described with quite aggressive strong sounds such as, ‘throb’, ‘hiss’, ‘clatter.â₠¬â„¢ This suggests that our destruction of the planet is forceful and violent, also using a verb such as ‘hiss’ personifies the cement mixer suggesting the power of it, but also implying connotations of a snake, which are that of evilness and betrayal, here Church could even be suggesting that what humans are doing to the planet is evil and that they are turning their backs on nature and betraying the planet that allows them to live. This in turn helps the reader to empathize with nature as a whole and to understand the impact of what they are doing. As the third stanza reads, ‘the crowd stands by/ watching the smoothers.’ Here, Church is referring to the workmen as ‘smoothers’ this contrasts to earlier where they were described as ‘serpent-warders’ When he writes ‘smoothers’ he is describing the application of concrete, he says that the ‘crowd stands by’ alluding to the fact that society in standing by letting our planet become concrete and be destructed, because this is inevitably a small compromise for what we expect in life – pavements, roads, electricity. As long as we cant see the destruction – all we see is smooth pavements and running water, we stand by and let it happen. This is why to us; the workmen appear just as ‘smoothers’ rather than the ‘serpent-warders’ they really are, slowly covering the ground because that is all we want to see. Church criticizes our passive attitude towards industrialisation by describing the destruction of the planet and its affect on nature. Church states ‘see how those curdled lakes/ glisten in the sky.’ Here the concrete is described metaphorically as a ‘curdled lake.’ The verb ‘curdled’ suggests a lumpy and separated state; this could imply that the concrete is ugly and unsightly. Then it is described as a lake, this could suggest its expansion is like that of a lake, uncontrolled and fathoming, this contradiction could also imply the differences between the two – concrete is hard and ugly whereas lakes are beautiful and natural, they are complete opposites from their states of matter to their function of being. Church goes even further to describe the concrete lake as ‘glistening under the sky’ this extends the metaphor of the lake even further, it could also be alluding to the deceptiveness of the concrete. Church is saying that we don’t really understand what is happening to the planet and everything that is ugly about industrialisation is covered up so that we can live a nice life, but he is highlighting that this is all an illusion and that under the glistening lake is cold hard concrete. The pigeon, ‘flutters down to bathe its wings in that mirage of water.’ There is a clear contrast between the verbs used to describe the cement mixer and the pigeon, the cement mixer is described using much more violent and destructive verbs such as ‘stab’ ‘spew’ whereas the pigeon is described with verbs such as, ‘flutter’ and ‘bathe’ these suggest the gentleness and fragility of the pigeons and therefore of nature, it isn’t obstructive or harmful. The noun ‘ mirage’ is an optical illusion of water; the bird has been tricked into thinking that the concrete is water. This is an example of how helpless nature is against us, it is even reflected in the structure, in this stanza the reader know that the water is just a mirage but the bird doesn’t, this shows how we as humans know and understand what is happening to our world but are letting it happen anyway. This leaves the bird feeling ‘de ceived’ this anthromorphism allows Church to establish an empathetic relationship between the reader and the bird, where we feel a sense of guilt at what we are doing to an otherwise helpless nature. In the concrete, ‘the seal of its concrete foot, set till rocks crumble.’ The pigeon has accidentally landed in the concrete whilst it is still drying. The noun ‘seal’ is a personal and original mark; it is also the final mark that closes something. The concrete will be set with this seal of the bird’s footprint until it is destroyed. This comparison is effective as it compares the original beautiful footprint of a bird to something as common and reproducible as concrete. The small footprint on the concrete is a visual reminder to us that we need to stop what we are doing. It suggests that nature and wildlife is trapped into the destructive cycle we have entered. Overall, Church plays on the metaphor of a pigeon and a cement mixer to help the reader understand the relationship between humans and nature in modern society. He criticises our passive attitudes towards issues such as climate change and industrialization and plays on ethos to build empathy towards nature, through the story within the poem of the pigeon being deceived by the concrete. Church leaves us with a warning to change our ways through a visual image of the birds footprint left in the stone.